Types of Dispensed Preparation

Dispensing

GENERAL DISPENSING PROCEDURE: 

1. Work in your own place 

2. Wear a freshly laundered overall coat

3. Provide yourself with a clean glass - cloth, a duster, and either sponge 

4. Work in a clean and tidy manner 

5. Read the prescription carefully, make sure you understand it and that it is legally correct 

6. If necessary, find out the formula of the prescription in an appropriate source of information 

7. Check the doses of internal preparations 

8. Find, from an appropriate source, if any ingredient is a poison 

9. Confirm that there are no pharmaceutical or therapeutic incompatibility in the preparation 

10. if you are unsure of the correct method of preparation refer to your practical notebook 

11. Look up the storage conditions for the preparations 

12. Work out the calculations 

13. Check the calculations 

14. Collect the correct container and closure 

15. If necessary, trim the label to fit the container but do not remove the name of suppliers 

16. Write the main label and collect any special labels that are required 

17. Make the preparation, pack it in the containers and polish the label 

18. Check the label and fix them to the container 

19. Check the finished preparation 

20. Wrap the container and write the patient's name and address on the wrapper

21. Make the appropriate records.

Solution: A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The solutes and solvent can be solid, liquid, or gaseous forms. 

In a pharmaceutical solution is the preparation, in which solid solutes, such as drugs and excipient are dissolved in a liquid solvent.

Advantages and disadvantages of solutions as dosage forms: 

Advantages

1. Drug available immediately for absorption
2.  Flexible dosing
3.  It Maybe designed for any route of administration
4.  No need to shake the container
5.  Facilitates swallowing in difficult cases

Disadvantages

1.  Drug stability often reduced in solution
2.  Difficult to mask unpleasant tastes
3.  Bulky, difficult to transport, and prone to container breakages
4.  Technical accuracy needed to measure dose on administration
5.  Some drugs poorly soluble
6.  Measuring device needed for the administration
7. Possibility of microorganism growth easily
8. Stability is Poor
9. Active drug & Excipients may chemically interact
10. Suitable medium for microbial growth
11. Difficult to mask unpleasant tastes
12. Measuring device needed for the administration
13. Some drugs are poorly soluble

 

Oral solutions

definition (oral solutions) Oral solutions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.

Solutions have taken orally

1.  Elixirs

1. Many oral solutions that contain alcohol as a co-solvent is called elixirs.
2. Many other oral solutions containing a significant amount of alcohol as a solvent, is not called elixirs

Formulation of Elixirs 

1. Vehicles
2. Adjunct 

1. Vehicles : 

Water, Alcohol, syrup, glycerin, sorbitol, and propylene glycol 

2. Adjuncts : 

Used to improve Safety, efficacy, and palatability 

1. Chemical Stabilizer 
1. Citric acid and disodium edetate in Neomycin Elixir 
2. Preservative : 
1. 20 % alcohol, syrup and methylparaben, and propylparaben 
3. Colouring Agent :
1. Coal tar dyes. 
4. Flavoring agent :
1. black currant syrup, raspberry syrup, lemon syrup, and orange syrup, etc.

2. Linctuses: It is an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic substance prepared from vegetable materials and chemical substance)

Formulation of Linctuses

1.  Vehicles
2. Adjutant

1. Vehicles: Syrup, (Tolu syrup), glycerin, sorbitol.

2. Adjuncts: Used to improve Safety, efficacy, and palatability. 

1. Chemical Stabilizer: Mostly stable because of syrup.
2. Preservative: 
3. The high concentration of syrup acting as a preservative. 
4. Tolu syrup has antibacterial action due to benzoic acid and cinnamic acid present in it. 
5. Benzoic acid in codeine phosphate linctuses. 
6. Coloring Agent: Coal tar dyes.
7. Flavoring agent: black currant syrup, lemon syrup, oxymel, and benzaldehyde, etc.

3. Syrups: A syrup is a concentrated, viscous solution containing one or more sugar components, chiefly sucrose.

Note: It is an oral aqueous solution, containing a high concentration of sucrose. It is a solution of sucrose (66.7%) is purified water )

Formulation of syrups:

1. Vehicles

2. Adjuvants

1. Vehicle: Ex. Water. 
2. Adjuncts:
1. Chemical Stabilizer: Glycerin, polyethylene glycol, or sorbitols.
2.  Solubilizing agent: Tween 80, Tween 20 like surfactants are added. 
3. Coloring agent: coal tar dyes such as amaranth, compound tartrazine, and green S and tartrazine. 
4. Flavoring agent: The following favoring agents are added to the syrups.
1. Tinctures: e.g. lemon tincture, ginger tincture, etc. 
2. Fruits juices: e.g. Raspberry juice, wild cherry, etc. 
3. Essence: e.g. Vanilla, orange, etc.

4. Mixtures:

Simple liquid preparations intended for oral use containing dissolved medicaments may be described as oral solutions or mixtures, although the term ‘mixture’ may also be applied to a suspension.

Note: (It is mainly used in hospital)

Formulation of pharmacy international Mixtures:

1. Drug

2. Vehicles

3. Adjuncts

1. Chemical Stabilizers 
2. Preservatives 
3. Coloring Agents 
4. Flavoring Agents 

FORMULATION

Drug: Antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesic, etc 
Vehicles: following vehicles are used.
Water: purified water  
Aromatic water: Multiple uses, e.g. chloroform water, cinnamon water, etc.
Medicated vehicle: Infusions, ex.  Senega infusion as expected.


Adjuncts: Adjuncts are generally used to improve safety, efficacy, and palatability.
Chemical Stabilizers: e.g.  Antioxidant: Ascorbic acid (0.1%), Sodium metabisulphite (0.1%) etc.
Preservatives: Chloroform (0.25%), Benzoic acid (0.1%), Methyl paraben, propyl paraben, etc.
Coloring Agents: E.g. Coal tar dyes.
Flavoring Agents: The following flavoring agents are commonly used in mixtures.
Aromatic water
Syrup and Glycerol.
Spirit lemon to cover the taste of alkaline citrates
Orange syrup and compound orange spirit.

5. Draughts:

1. A draught is a liquid oral preparation taken as a single dose.

2. If several doses are prescribed, each dose is dispensed in separate containers. 

3. Examples :

1. male fern extract draught

2. paraldehyde draught

6. Spirits:

Spirits are solutions containing one or more active medicaments dissolved in either absolute or dilute ethanol.

Note:( It is the alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substance)

6. Paediatric drops:

These are an oral liquid formulation of potent drugs usually in solution, intended for administration to pediatric patients, though they may be useful in other patients with swallowing difficulties. 

Solutions Used in Mouth:

1. Gargles and mouthwashes:

It is  the aqueous solution for the prevention and treatment of mouth and throat infection)

PREPARATION OF MOUTHWASHES:

To prepare mouthwash the following ingredients are added: 

1. Flavorings - such as eucalyptol or menthol 

2. Preservative- sodium benzoate. vehicle - Water 

3. Sweeteners - sodium saccharin and sucralose. 

4. Colorants 

5. Antiseptic agent - fluoride 

6. Detergent

Solutions Instilled into Body Cavities;

1.  Douches

2. Enemas  

3. Ear Drops: It is a simple solution to drugs, also known as otic products. It is a solution for local use and includes antibiotics, antiseptics, and wax softeners. It is applied to external auditory control as drops.

4. Nasal Drops: 

Solutions for External solutions

As with internal solutions, owing to the versatility of the solution, a number of different preparation types have been developed for external use.

Lotions

Lotions are designed to be applied to the skin without friction. They contain a humectant, so that moisture is retained on the skin after application of the product.

Liniments

A liniment is a liquid preparation intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged onto the skin to obtain analgesic, rubefacient or generally stimulating effects.